The Allegory Of The Cave And Freire s The Banking Essay

In Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave and Freire’s Theâ€Å"Banking† Concept of Education, the idea of education and restrictions is discussed and pondered on. In The Allegory of the Cave, Plato tells us his ideas and beliefs through a story that involves three prisoners who are chained up in a cave. Their backs are towards the entrance, and they are only exposed to shadows and echoes. When one of the prisoners is released he enters a world filled with confusion and disbelief. In Freire’s The â€Å"Banking† Concept of Education, he addresses his notions of today’s education system by setting the scene of students in a classroom who are only given a teacher and the teacher’s knowledge. Although Plato’s The Allegory of the Cave shows that people are restricted in knowing the truth because they are chained up and Freire thinks that students can release themselves from their restrictions by questioning the higher power , I claim that both Plato and Freire make similar arguments because both claim that the reason to why we are restricted is because our perception of truth comes from only one source that is given to us. In today’s day and age we tend to be trapped by the people around us and can’t free ourselves so we can ponder or discover new things about the world. We are stopped from viewing things in a different perspective because society tells us there’s only one way to look at things. Plato describes in his allegory, â€Å"How could they see anything but the shadows if they were neverShow MoreRelatedPlato s Allegory Of The Cave And Paulo Freire s The Banking Concept Of Education1069 Words   |  5 Pages Plato’s â€Å"Allegory of The Cave† and Paulo Freire’s â€Å"The ‘Banking’ Concept of Education† both contend that education is a process of freeing the chains of deception and false images that make us prisoners in the cave of ignorance. I agree with both Plato and Freire in saying that without education, like the prisoners, our perception of reality is distorted by our lack of knowledge. In Plato’s essay, â€Å"Allegory of The Cave† Plato creates a story about three prisoners in a cave, through this he furtherRead MoreTo What Extent Does Education Liberate People Within The Social Classes2662 Words   |  11 Pagesgenerally of preparing oneself or others intellectually for mature life’. Also the definition of liberation is ‘the act or fact of gaining equal rights or full social or economic opportunities for a particular group’, dictionary.co.uk (2015). Paulo Freire a Brazilian educator discusses in his book the Pedagogy Of The Oppressed, his theory is that society is split into two groups the oppressors and the oppressed, the oppressors are the educated people such as teachers government workers etc. and the

What Have Theorists Meant by Liberty Essay example

Liberty is a value that each person in a democratic society takes for granted. Taking this value from us, would remove the opportunity for individuals to make their own choices in life. Liberty is not a value that is constant throughout the various societies in the world, citizens of developed Western countries could be described has having considerably more liberty when compared with many of the less developed Arab nations. Theorists have studied the concept of liberty for centuries and there have been a number of different definitions, from people like Machiavelli to more modern theorists like Mill. It is the fundamental value that allows people to make decisions for themselves in civilised society. Without liberty, people would†¦show more content†¦`The aim of the ancients was the sharing of social power among the citizens of the same fatherland: this is what they called liberty. The aim of the moderns is the enjoyment of security in private pleasures; and they call liberty the guarantees accorded by institutions to these pleasures. Philosophers have advocated different views about the nature of freedom in society, positive freedom and negative freedom. Isaiah Berlin described negative freedom as `the absence of external constraints imposed by humans. Negative freedom is essentially the right to do what we want providing there is no law against performing the act and by performing the act we will not harm another individual. Positive freedom on the other hand is being your own master, being able to become your true self. Hollis (1996: 71) makes an interesting point when he states that there is very little difference between these forms of freedom except in language only, `Freedom from interference is freedom to do what one wants; freedom to flourish is freedom from impediments to ones flourishing. The framers of the `American Declaration of Independence (1776) were influenced by John Locke, specifically the second of his `Two Treatises on Government (1690). The Declaration of Independence (1776) gives each American the right to `life, liberty andShow MoreRelatedOrder In A Civic Society Is Kept By A Great Many Agents1733 Words   |  7 PagesThe political theorists Niccolà ² Machiavelli in The Discourses on Livy and Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan offer contrasting conclusions; the former believed obeying selfish motivation disastrous whereas the latter thought it fundamental towards maintaining the solvency of the country. The origin of their differing conclusions is found in their respective interpretations of the end a government is meant to serve; to the republican Machiavelli, the government is a means to individual liberty through politicalRead MoreCompare and Contrast Hobbes’s and Locke’s Views of the State of Nature and the Fundamental Purpose of Political S ociety. Whose View Is the More Plausible? Why?1564 Words   |  7 Pagesthe more plausible? Why? Introduction Thomas Hobbes and John Locke were both natural law theorists and social contracts theorists. While most natural law theorists have predominantly been of the opinion that humans are social animals by nature, Locke and Hobbes had a different perspective. Their points of view were remarkably different from those perpetuated by other natural law theorists. On the other hand, Locke’s perspective of human nature wasn’t quite as fine as Hobbe’s, although itRead MorePolitical Philosophy, By Steven Cahn1197 Words   |  5 Pagessignificant men have helped to achieve the structure of our past and present democracy as well as a plan of action for the rights and values that we as citizens can all relate to today. They are grounded in their thinking and tied together as a whole in ideas and practices of politics, philosophy and humankind. Possessors of morals and ethics reflected in their works have influenced current social interaction and the foundation of our current prac tice of democracy in which we have relied upon thisRead MoreSocial Control Theory Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesThe social control approach to understanding crime is one of the three major sociological perspectives in contemporary criminology. Control theorists believe that conformity to the rules of society is produced by socialization and maintained by ties to people and institutions— to family members, friends, schools, and jobs. Put briefly, crime and delinquency result when the individual’s bond to society is weak or broken. As social bonds increase in strength, the costs of crime to the individual increaseRead MoreThe Meaning Of Human Nature870 Words   |  4 Pageseither wrote or read about it based on their individual definitions of what it means to be in the state of nature. Throughout this course we began with Thomas Hobbes, whose beliefs seemed quite ridiculous at times, but his ideas about what it meant to be a person in the state of nature, were support ed by what he believed to be true. Much like when Jean-Jacques Rousseau stated that fact does not matter before going into detail about what he believed to be true about the state of nature, he stood by hisRead More The Influence of John Locke Essay examples970 Words   |  4 Pagesgovernment in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts. Locke also felt that to understand political power right, and derive it from its origin. We must also consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Locke later published anonymously hisRead MoreFilling the Void: Karl Marx, John Stuart Mill and Others on Identity1145 Words   |  5 Pagescommon knowledge that in the past religion and myths were just ways for societies to explain events and occurrences that citizens of ancient societies did not have enough advanced knowledge to understand. It was also used as a way to oppress others, as seen in the explanation of class order and royalty as God placing a person where they were meant to be and that there was nothing one could do about it, because who can go against God himself? Religion played an even bigger part than that though, beingRead MoreCharacteristics Of A Nation State902 Words   |  4 Pagessynonymously, they have very different denotations. A nation can be defined as a geographical location where the inhabits share cultural similarities and have a sense of nationalism for where they are from. The term nation is used to describe culturally identity and attachment to a certain state. The term state serves more of a politically and governmental meaning because it labels a particular location as sovereign, giving the areas within the defined borders power over what goes on within thoseRead MoreThomas Hobbes State of Nature Essay1152 Words   |  5 Pagesof kill or be killed, without any regard for other than his own. Life was solitary, poor, brutish and short. This barbaric and primitive state is what Thomas Hobbes believed to be the State of Nature. Practical reason dictates that when threatened you either act, give up your property, or anticipate for a sign of weakness to act. This means that all have a right to everything so long as it can be attained. People cannot be trusted to follow the Golden Rule, or the ethic of reciprocity, seen in manyRead MoreEmpiricism Is The Theory That Experience1202 Words   |  5 Pagesto rationalism. This general thesis can receive different emphases and refinements; therefore, philosophers who have been label ed empiricists are united generally and may differ in various ways. The Empiricist Revolution helped facilitate discussion on real world, political problems. Since this revolution, philosophers and political theorists have developed two different ideas on what politics should be about and how a government should be ran: politics should be about making citizens more virtuous

Poverty in America Government Welfare Programs are the Solution Essay Example For Students

Poverty in America: Government Welfare Programs are the Solution Essay â€Å"What is poverty? Poverty is hunger. Poverty is lack of shelter. Poverty is being sick and not being able to see a doctor. Poverty is not having access to school and not knowing how to read. Poverty is not having a job, is fear for the future, living one day at a time. Poverty is losing a child to illness brought about by unclean water. Poverty is powerlessness, lack of representation and freedom† (The World Bank, 2009). People are deemed poor if their incomes are insufficient to obtain the basic necessitates for themselves or their families. The most common and stereotypic explanation of poverty is the poor cause their own poverty because in America anything is possible if you want it. This â€Å"blame the poor† point of view is does not apply to all poverty stricken, a big misperception is that the poor do not work. Not only are most poor people able and more than willing to work hard and they do so when given the chance. The fact is nearly half of the poor populations of working age do work even if it is minimal and millions of them work full-time. The decline in wages is very hard on families with dependent children. Because of changes in our economic structure availability of well-paying blue collar jobs in manufacturing companies is limited. Most industries are outsourcing to other countries to minimize labor costs and using machines to replace workers. Therefore younger adults, particularly those who have very little education are forced to work in service oriented jobs for lower pay, no benefits and no chance for promotion. Because minimum wage does not keep up with inflation, it is nearly impossible to earn enough to keep families out of poverty. According to our text, you have to understand the prices for human and. .hould not be limited in the case of poverty. Those in poverty need the helping hands of the government to get on their feet to become contributor of a successful economy. REFERENCES CliffsNotes.com. Causes and Effects of Poverty. June 1, 2011 Nilsen, S. R. (2007). GAO. Retrieved June 1, 2011 from POVERTY IN AMERICA Consequences for Individuals and the Economy: http://www. gao.gov/new.items/d07343t.pdf. Sharp, A., Register, C. , Grimes, P. (2010). ECO 405: Economics of social issues: 2010 custom edition. (19th ed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. Signorile, C. (2007). Identifying the Root Causes of Poverty. Retrieved May 31, 2011 from Constitutionally Right: http://constitutionallyright.com/2007/07/13/identifying-the-root-causes-of-poverty/. Web, P. (2009). Understanding Poverty. Retrieved May 31, 2011 from The World Bank, Poverty: http://go.worldbank.org/rqbdctuxw0

Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimess Purchase and Payment Process

Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimes’s Purchase and Payment Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As depicted in the above systems flowchart and from the case, FreezeTime’s purchase and payment procedure comprises of several stages. The first stage is order needs assessment. This stage is triggered when the employees within FreezeTime, Inc make Carly and Nancy aware of the need for certain suppliers and materials. This stage is very significant for Carly or Nancy because it highlights any supplies and materials needed in the business. Once the need to make an order for supplies and materials has been ascertained, the next stage is purchase order generation. The office manager or the company accountant feeds in the order details into the accounting system eventually generating a purchase order which is then faxed to the suppliers. The next stage in the systems fl owchart for FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process is the receipt of the faxed purchase order by the supplier. At this stage, the supplier begins the processing of the purchase order placed. As depicted in the case, the company accountant occasionally makes calls to the supplier just to ensure that the purchase orders have been received on the other end of the supply chain. This is very critical for FreezeTime, Inc especially in the event that the orders that have been placed are special in nature. This stage usually culminates into the shipment and final receipt of the supplies at FreezeTime’s factory.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This stage is regarded as the order fulfillment stage because the new inventory is received at the company. The order fulfillment stage basically involves the verification of the new inventory. This is a very critical sta ge because it ascertains whether the goods that have been shipped conform to the purchase order that had earlier been sent to the suppliers. The rationale is that the supplier is expected to have delivered only the goods that had been specified in the purchase order in terms of their right quantities and qualities and at the agreed prices. If this objective has not been achieved, then FreezeTime, Inc can return the inventory back to the suppliers. Once the inventories have well been received, they are documented. This is another value adding stage within FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process given that the records have to be well kept. It is important that FreezeTime, Inc keep an updated record of the goods that have received in terms of the right quantities, prices, quality and other important parameters. The case mentions clearly that this documentation is done by either Carly or Nancy themselves in comparison with the initial purchase. It is only then that the records are well documented in the computer system. The need for documentation cannot be overemphasized since it would further assist Carly or Nancy in monitoring and controlling the movement of stock. The final stage in the systems flowchart is the payment of bills. This is yet another critical and value adding procedure within FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process. It is indicated in the case that bills are paid on the first and fifteenth days of the month. Bills are paid only after the orders have been received, verified and well documented. During this process, any outstanding invoices are examined along with any information that could be vital for purposes of check printing.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimes’s Purchase and Payment Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The printed checks are then mailed together with other necessary documents to the supplie rs marking the end of the purchase process. This implies that once the payment has been made, it is only then that Carly or Nancy can rest assured that the purchase and payment process has been accomplished. This would also imply that they do not owe any suppliers any money, and that their goods have been delivered appropriately. The value that the above systems flowchart describing FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process would bring to Carly or Nancy would be enormous. First, it represents the various activities and how they follow one another from the time the need for an order is established to the time the order is finally delivered and paid for. This sequential flow of events would help Carly or Nancy to easily monitor how far a particular order has gone and make necessary adjustments until they finally receive the order. The above systems flowchart describing FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process also represents how the various processes are related to on e another. This interrelationship between the various processes can help Carly or Nancy to make significant improvements within the purchase and payment process. By analyzing these relationships, Carly or Nancy can easily acquire information on the various elements within each process which they can then use to make sound decisions to improve the business. Carly or Nancy would be in a position to evaluate how each of the processes within the purchase and payment process is performing thereby being able to take corrective measures. The above systems flowchart for FreezeTimes’s purchase and payment process would also help not only Carly or Nancy but also every employee within the organization to better understand how the various processes are related. In this manner Carly or Nancy would be able to pinpoint those operations which are not beneficial within the business.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The systems flowchart would also go a long way in enhancing the communication and team spirit of the employees within the firm. This would be brought about because every employee would be aware of the various process flows within the businesses. As such, every employee would operate at the same level within the firm. By being aware of what happens at each stage of the purchase and payment process, which will have arisen from the enhanced communication, every employee of FreezeTime, Inc would feel part and parcel of the organizational and business processes. This would lead to increased employee motivation and consequently improved productivity of the organizational human resources. This assessment on Systems Flowchart for FreezeTimes’s Purchase and Payment Process was written and submitted by user Lola W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Admissions Essay -Homeland Security

Self Assesment/Admissions Essay -Homeland Security Free Online Research Papers I have always been intrigued by studying different topics related to Law Enforcement, specifically in the area of Homeland Security. I have taken many courses over the past 19 years relating to or touching the surface on issues surrounding 911 and Homeland Security. I find myself wanting to look deeper into these issues. I am seeking admissions into this program for the following reasons. I want to learn in depth about the issues we have faced as a nation, and the issues we will be faced with in the future regarding Homeland Security. I have been waiting on the right time in my life to start my Master’s Program, and it is finally the right time. I am looking forward to the challenges of research. I would like to continue to advance myself and my career, and a Master’s Degree will assist my endeavor. I am committed to my family, and setting examples for my children to follow. I always push my children to do more, and this is another way to show them there are no limits if you’re willing to give 100%. My background in Law Enforcement will make the transition into this program very smooth for me. I decided to go back to College in 1993 to finish my Bachelors Degree. I finished my degree from Saint Leo University in 1995, graduating with honors (CUM LAUDE). I have taken many courses dealing directly with Homeland Security, and Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). I am incident Command Certified (ICS), and have taken numerous courses relating to ICS structure. I personally have handled large scale events relating to disasters and security. I have been responsible for several successful presidential escorts. I feel my future contributions relating to Homeland Security center around drug trafficking efforts and training of our Law Enforcement members. I feel many parallels exist between drug trafficking activity and terrorism. Why have we not closed off our borders to drug smuggling? What implications might this have for terrorists or others who may wish to import a Weapon of Mass Destruction (WMD) into our country? Has there been a large scale impact on home-grown/manufactured drugs? While there is sure to be debate regarding the answers to these questions, most can agree that drugs remain abundantly available and an important reason our jails are overcrowded. Criminals respond to technology by using any means at their disposal, ranging from low tech mules which sacrifice one, knowing that 9 others will get through. Drug cartels have penetrated foreign governments and corrupted officials worldwide, well-financed terrorists have done the same. It would be naive to think that officials or lower level government personnel in Colombia, Afghanistan, Mexico, and a dozen other countries that may be corrupt, only sell advance information about government operations against drug cartel activity while not selling information about operations against terrorist groups. Policies are bound to fail if they ignore important social forces. Important lessons for the counter-terrorism community may lie in the Governments response to the drug trade and the way the government is organizationally structured to respond to the activities of drug trafficking organizations. Law Enforcement training must include better command, control, and coordination of policy and its funding and implementation (overall program responsibility). The enhanced effectiveness will not come from organizational structure alone. Law Enforcement training must be sensitive to ever-changing social, religious, and political phenomena spanning the globe; must be proactive, not reactive; and must keep abreast of evolving or revolutionary new technologies. One of the main challenges today for Law Enforcement is finding a way to eliminate the illegal activity for terrorist groups. If you can eliminate the illegal activity, you will impact the funding source for these various groups. Illegal drug money funds terrorist organizations and activities. The terrorists point to our willingness to consume these drugs as direct evidence of our society’s moral degeneracy. Law Enforcement needs to be vigilant in its efforts to thwart drug trafficking in the United States. Having a better understanding of Homeland Security and the challenges we face as a nation, will enable me to better understand what lies ahead. The area I am currently responsible for is considered a rural area. I have worked in metropolitan areas in the past, and they pose different challenges than my current assignment. In a rural area there is more opportunity for terrorists to blend into the community. Additionally, there are more opportunities for large scale organizations to set up and run a grow house or lab that would be difficult to detect. I am utilizing aircraft operations to combat some of these issues, as well as focusing on neighborhood watch groups to report suspicious activity. These basic and simple techniques have proven to be successful in combating these types of behavior within our community. The area I currently work in did not have a large scale multi-jurisdictional co-op plan in place prior to 2005. I was instrumental in implementing and writing this plan for the tri-county area. We have a working plan to deal with terrorist threats, natural or manmade disasters, and large scale mobilizations. In Ma y 2001, we experienced a long draught within Dade County. A large scale fire developed, and we had to execute our co-op plan. The 17 day fire detail worked flawlessly. In August 2002 we experienced a tornado in Dade County. Again, we utilized our plan and our efforts proved to be successful. Whether it is a large scale disaster or terrorist threat, I am confident in my ability as a Law Enforcement manager to oversee and collaborate with any agency to make the detail a success. This program will provide me with the resources I need to better understand Homeland Security. I plan to utilize this knowledge to share the information learned with those I command. In conclusion, I would like to thank those on the selection committee for allowing me the opportunity to apply for this program. I look forward to the learning and growing opportunity that this program will offer. Research Papers on Self Assesment/Admissions Essay -Homeland SecurityThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalGenetic EngineeringAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

Will Bruder, At least two works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Will Bruder, At least two works - Essay Example Aesthetics, pragmatism and innovation in a very modern setting are the predominant aspects of Will Bruder’s works. All of these aspects can be seen in two of his works, namely the Phoenix Central Library and the Byrne Residence. The aesthetics of the Phoenix Central Library solely focused on earthly beauty of steel architecture which took advantage of the sunlight through optical designs of the entire structure. The optical illusion created by the light which is ever predominant throughout the structure illuminates the modern design of the library. Even in the simplest shade sails of the northern windows are patterned after the seafarers of Maine. Even the Crystal Canyon, the library’s five-storey atrium, possesses nine skylights to track the sunlight’s movement. These skylights, covered by clear lenses, are suspended upon the ceiling which is 32 feet in the air. Such was designed by Bruder to create an illusion of flames at noon during the summer solstice (Seal, 1996). By the small details and the unique characteristics of the building’s interior and exterior portions, it can be clearly seen that the entirety of the Phoenix Central Library is inspired by a distinct theme which utilized a dark tone of steel to recreate the concept of earth. With the help of the architect’s play of mirrors and window panes, the concept of a fresh sunlight is recreated within the structure. The earthly theme in the aesthetic factor of Will Bruder’s works is also present in his work in the Byrne Residence. It is obvious in the external characteristics of the residence was comparably the same as that of the Phoenix Central Library. Simple shades of brown and gray fill the atmosphere of the walls. Also, the use of extensive glass panes was present in order to accommodate the sunlight. The Byrne Residence is located in the North Scottsdale desert area which makes the external

Rebuilding Brand Equity of Nokia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Rebuilding Brand Equity of Nokia - Essay Example 1). Nokia has been in the mobile market for around thirty years (Kolk & Rungi, 2013, p. 5). Nokia, a 147 years old Finnish company, became the pioneer of public mobile communications technology in the late 1990s when it pushed mobile phone usage onto the global scale (Lindholm & Keinonen, 2003). It was by far the largest mobile phone manufacturer in the early 2000s and produced most of the working class people’s very first mobile phones. In the underdeveloped world, as per D. Steinbock’s claim, the word ‘Nokia’ became synonymous with the word ‘mobile’ (Steinbock, 2001, p. 33). The company Nokia was one of the biggest beneficiaries of the so called ‘dotcom bubble’ (Panko 2008) but unlike the other manufacturing industries, mobile phone manufacturing has seen new market leaders emerge soon after the inception of the business. The apparent reason for this unseating of Nokia from the mobile manufacturing throne seems to be a progressio n of mobile handset technology – specifically from the standard or dumb phones era to the age of smart phones. Useless to say, the previous statement implies that Nokia has not been successful in commanding this shift. With the basic division of the handset technology between the old technology and the smart phone technology, Nokia has remained master of only the old technology. Smart phone sales surpassed the dumb phone sales in the second quarter of 2013, with smart phones accounting for fifty two percent of the mobile phone sales in that period (Shaer, 2013, p. 14). Decline Nokia occupied thirty five percent of the global mobiles business in 2003 (Bosch, 2005, p. 28); ten years later this figure had dropped to fourteen percent (Olson, 2013, p. 6). In October of last year, the company dropped out of the list of the five largest mobile phone vendors for the first time since the financial analyst IDC started maintaining the list (in 2004) (â€Å"Apple Cedes Market Share in S martphone Operating System Market as Android Surges and Windows Phone Gains, According to IDC†, 2013). The Korean consumer electronics corporation Samsung now leads the mobile manufacturing business, while Nokia has already given way (in 2010) in the smart phone platform race as well to Google (which boasts the Android Operating System for smart phones). Resultantly, Nokia has shrunk as an organization overall; it has fewer resources at its disposal and has become less profitable than how much it used to be. The cash reserves of Nokia fell from â‚ ¬4.2 billion at the end of the second quarter of 2012 to â‚ ¬3.6 billion at the end of the very next quarter (Scott, 2013, p. 2). Ever since the company appointed a new, and the first non-Finnish, CEO (Stephen Elop) in 2010, the company has been practising salary base reduction as one of its primary tactics for dealing with the continuous financial loss. The company currently employs only 44,630 people out of the 66,995 working at Nokia at the start of the previous year (â€Å"Nokia Lumia 525: Windows Phone Handset Put Up For Sale At $100 Price Tag In China†, 2014, p. 4). Revival Efforts Susan Sheesha, the head of Global Communications at Nokia, has been promulgating Nokia’s repositioning of itself as a ‘challenger’ brand (Schechner, 2013). She says that after letting go of the ‘market leader’ narrative, the company’